PWM DC speed motor

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a popular technique used to control the speed of DC motors efficiently. Instead of varying the voltage linearly (which wastes power), PWM rapidly switches the motor’s power ON and OFF at a fixed frequency, and controls the speed by varying the duty cycle of the pulses.

🔧 How It Works:

1. PWM Signal:

   • A digital signal that switches between ON (high) and OFF (low).

   • The frequency remains constant, but the duty cycle changes.

2. Duty Cycle:

   • It is the percentage of time the signal stays ON during one cycle.

   • Example:

     • 100% Duty Cycle → Motor gets full voltage → Maximum speed.

     • 50% Duty Cycle → Motor gets half power on average → Half speed.

     • 0% Duty Cycle → No power → Motor stops.

3. Effect on Motor:

   • The average voltage supplied to the motor changes with the duty cycle.

   • Since motors respond to average voltage, changing the duty cycle controls speed.

   • Smooth acceleration and deceleration are possible with fine adjustments.

✅ Advantages of PWM Control:

• High Efficiency: Minimal power loss compared to linear control.

• Smooth Speed Control: Fine adjustments possible.

• Less Heat Generation: Because the power devices are either fully on or off.

• Inexpensive Implementation: Easily implemented with microcontrollers or PWM driver circuits.

📦 Applications:

• Robotics

• Electric vehicles

• Fans and blowers

• Industrial machines

• Toys